| People | Indonesia |
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Economy - overview:
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Indonesia, a vast polyglot nation, has been undergoing significant economic reforms under President YUDHOYONO. Indonesia's debt-to-GDP ratio has been declining steadily, its foreign exchange reserves are at an all-time high of over $50 billion, and its stock market has been one of the 3 best performers in the world in 2006 and 2007, as global investors sought out higher returns in emerging markets. The government has introduced significant reforms in the financial sector, including tax and customs reforms, the introduction of Treasury bills, and improved capital market supervision. Indonesia's new investment law, passed in March 2007, seeks to address some of the concerns of foreign and domestic investors. Indonesia still struggles with poverty and unemployment, inadequate infrastructure, corruption, a complex regulatory environment, and unequal resource distribution among regions. Indonesia has been slow to privatize over 100 state-owned enterprises, several of which have monopolies in key sectors. The non-bank financial sector, including pension funds and insurance, remains weak. Capital markets are underdeveloped. The high global price of oil in 2007 increased the cost of domestic fuel and electricity subsidies, and are contributing to concerns about higher food prices. Located on the Pacific "Ring of Fire" Indonesia remains vulnerable to volcanic and tectonic disasters. Significant progress has been made in rebuilding Aceh after the devastating December 2004 tsunami, and the province now shows more economic activity than before the disaster. Unfortunately, Indonesia suffered new disasters in 2006 and early 2007 including: a major earthquake near Yogyakarta, an industrial accident in Sidoarjo, East Java that created a "mud volcano," a tsunami in South Java, and major flooding in Jakarta, all of which caused additional damages in the billions of dollars. Donors are assisting Indonesia with its disaster mitigation and early warning efforts. |
GDP (purchasing power parity):
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$845.6 billion (2007 est.) |
GDP (official exchange rate):
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$410.3 billion (2007 est.) |
GDP - real growth rate:
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6.1% (2007 est.) |
GDP - per capita (PPP):
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$3,400 (2007 est.) |
GDP - composition by sector:
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agriculture: 12.4%
industry: 47.7%
services: 39.9% (2007 est.) |
Investment (gross fixed):
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23.6% of GDP (2007 est.) |
Population below poverty line:
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17.8% (2006) |
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
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lowest 10%: 3.6%
highest 10%: 28.5% (2002) |
Distribution of family income - Gini index:
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36.3 (2005) |
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
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6.3% (2007 est.) |
Labor force:
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108 million (2007 est.) |
Labor force participation rate:
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45.47 % of population |
Labor force - by occupation:
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agriculture: 43.3%
industry: 18%
services: 38.7% (2004 est.) |
Unemployment rate:
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9.7% (2007 est.) |
Budget:
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revenues: $88.21 billion
expenditures: $95.41 billion (2007 est.) |
Budget revenues per capita:
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372 USD per capita |
Public debt:
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35.4% of GDP (2007 est.) |
Industries:
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petroleum and natural gas, textiles, apparel, footwear, mining, cement, chemical fertilizers, plywood, rubber, food, tourism |
Industrial production growth rate:
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6.1% (2007 est.) |
Electricity - production:
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125.9 billion kWh (2006 est.) |
Electricity - production per capita:
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531 kWh per capita |
Electricity - consumption:
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108 billion kWh (2006 est.) |
Electricity - consumption - per capita:
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455 kWh per capita |
Electricity - exports:
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0 kWh (2006 est.) |
Electricity - imports:
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0 kWh (2006 est.) |
Oil - production:
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1.07 million bbl/day (2006 est.) |
Oil - production per capita:
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4,506 bbl/day per capita |
Oil - consumption:
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1.1 million bbl/day (2006 est.) |
Oil - consumption - per capita:
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1.69 bbl/year per capita |
Oil - exports:
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470,000 bbl/day (2006 est.) |
Oil - imports:
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500,000 bbl/day (2006 est.) |
Oil - proved reserves:
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4.301 billion bbl (1 January 2006 est.) |
Natural gas - production:
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74 billion cu m (2006 est.) |
Natural gas - production per capita:
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312 cu m per capita |
Natural gas - consumption:
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37.5 billion cu m (2006 est.) |
Natural gas - consumption - per capita:
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158 cu m per capita |
Natural gas - exports:
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29.6 billion cu m (2006 est.) |
Natural gas - imports:
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0 cu m (2006) |
Natural gas - proved reserves:
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2.63 trillion cu m (1 January 2007 est.) |
Agriculture - products:
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rice, cassava (tapioca), peanuts, rubber, cocoa, coffee, palm oil, copra; poultry, beef, pork, eggs |
Current account balance:
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$10.21 billion (2007 est.) |
Current account balance - per capita:
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43 USD per capita |
Exports:
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$118.4 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.) |
Exports per capita:
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499 USD per capita |
Exports - commodities:
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oil and gas, electrical appliances, plywood, textiles, rubber |
Exports - partners:
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Japan 19.4%, Singapore 11.8%, US 11.5%, China 7.7%, South Korea 6.4%, Taiwan 4.2% (2006) |
Imports:
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$86.24 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.) |
Imports per capita:
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364 USD per capita |
Imports - commodities:
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machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels, foodstuffs |
Imports - partners:
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Singapore 29.6%, China 11.2%, Japan 8.8%, South Korea 5.3%, Malaysia 4.8% (2006) |
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
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$53.27 billion (31 December 2007 est.) |
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold - per capita:
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225 USD per capita |
Debt - external:
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$137.2 billion (30 June 2007) |
Debt - external - per capita:
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578 USD per capita |
Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
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$21.91 billion (2006 est.) |
Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
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$9.225 billion (2006 est.) |
Market value of publicly traded shares:
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$138.9 billion (2006) |
Economic aid - donor:
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void |
Economic aid - recipient:
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ODA, $2.524 billion (2006 est.)
note: Indonesia ended 2006 with $67 billion in official foreign debt (about 25% of GDP), with Japan ($25 billion), the World Bank ($8.5 billion) and the Asian Development Bank ($8.4 billion) as the largest creditors; about $6 billion in grant assistance was pledged to rebuild Aceh after the December 2004 tsunami; President YUDHOYONO disbanded the Consultative Group on Indonesia (CGI) donor forum in January 2007 |
Economic aid - recipient per capita:
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11 USD per capita |
Currency (code):
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Indonesian rupiah (IDR) |
Exchange rates:
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Indonesian rupiah per US dollar - 9,056 (2007 est.), 9,159.3 (2006), 9,704.7 (2005), 8,938.9 (2004), 8,577.1 (2003) |
Fiscal year:
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calendar year |
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