| People | Kazakhstan |
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Economy - overview:
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Kazakhstan, the largest of the former Soviet republics in territory, excluding Russia, possesses enormous fossil fuel reserves and plentiful supplies of other minerals and metals. It also has a large agricultural sector featuring livestock and grain. Kazakhstan's industrial sector rests on the extraction and processing of these natural resources. The breakup of the USSR in December 1991 and the collapse in demand for Kazakhstan's traditional heavy industry products resulted in a short-term contraction of the economy, with the steepest annual decline occurring in 1994. In 1995-97, the pace of the government program of economic reform and privatization quickened, resulting in a substantial shifting of assets into the private sector. Kazakhstan enjoyed double-digit growth in 2000-01 - 8% or more per year in 2002-07 - thanks largely to its booming energy sector, but also to economic reform, good harvests, and foreign investment. Inflation, however, jumped to more than 10% in 2007. In the energy sector, the opening of the Caspian Consortium pipeline in 2001, from western Kazakhstan's Tengiz oilfield to the Black Sea, substantially raised export capacity. In 2006 Kazakhstan completed the Atasu-Alashankou portion of an oil pipeline to China that is planned in future construction to extend from the country's Caspian coast eastward to the Chinese border. The country has embarked upon an industrial policy designed to diversify the economy away from overdependence on the oil sector by developing its manufacturing potential. The policy aims to reduce the influence of foreign investment and foreign personnel. The government has engaged in several disputes with foreign oil companies over the terms of production agreements; tensions continue. Upward pressure on the local currency continued in 2007 due to massive oil-related foreign-exchange inflows. Aided by strong growth and foreign exchange earnings, Kazakhstan aspires to become a regional financial center and has created a banking system comparable to those in Central Europe. |
GDP (purchasing power parity):
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$161.5 billion (2007) |
GDP (official exchange rate):
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$102.5 billion (2007) |
GDP - real growth rate:
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8.7% (2007) |
GDP - per capita (PPP):
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$10,400 (2007) |
GDP - composition by sector:
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agriculture: 5.8%
industry: 39.4%
services: 54.8% (2007) |
Investment (gross fixed):
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25.4% of GDP (2007 est.) |
Population below poverty line:
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13.8% (2007) |
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
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lowest 10%: 3.3%
highest 10%: 26.5% (2004 est.) |
Distribution of family income - Gini index:
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30.4 (2005) |
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
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10.8% (2007) |
Labor force:
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8.156 million (2007 est.) |
Labor force participation rate:
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53.17 % of population |
Labor force - by occupation:
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agriculture: 32.2%
industry: 18%
services: 49.8% (2005) |
Unemployment rate:
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7.3% (2007) |
Budget:
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revenues: $21.49 billion
expenditures: $22.31 billion (2007 est.) |
Budget revenues per capita:
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1,401 USD per capita |
Public debt:
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7.7% of GDP (2007) |
Industries:
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oil, coal, iron ore, manganese, chromite, lead, zinc, copper, titanium, bauxite, gold, silver, phosphates, sulfur, iron and steel; tractors and other agricultural machinery, electric motors, construction materials |
Industrial production growth rate:
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4.5% (2007) |
Electricity - production:
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76.34 billion kWh (2007) |
Electricity - production per capita:
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4,977 kWh per capita |
Electricity - consumption:
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76.43 billion kWh (2007) |
Electricity - consumption - per capita:
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4,983 kWh per capita |
Electricity - exports:
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3.7 billion kWh (2007) |
Electricity - imports:
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4 billion kWh (2007) |
Oil - production:
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1.338 million bbl/day (2005 est.) |
Oil - production per capita:
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87,220 bbl/day per capita |
Oil - consumption:
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234,000 bbl/day (2005 est.) |
Oil - consumption - per capita:
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5.57 bbl/year per capita |
Oil - exports:
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1 million bbl/day (2005 est.) |
Oil - imports:
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113,600 bbl/day (2004) |
Oil - proved reserves:
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9 billion bbl (1 January 2006 est.) |
Natural gas - production:
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16.69 billion cu m (2007) |
Natural gas - production per capita:
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1,088 cu m per capita |
Natural gas - consumption:
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8.4 billion cu m (2007) |
Natural gas - consumption - per capita:
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548 cu m per capita |
Natural gas - exports:
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10.2 billion cu m (2007) |
Natural gas - imports:
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3.9 billion cu m (2007) |
Natural gas - proved reserves:
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1.765 trillion cu m (1 January 2006 est.) |
Agriculture - products:
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grain (mostly spring wheat), cotton; livestock |
Current account balance:
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-$4.643 billion (2007 est.) |
Current account balance - per capita:
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-302 USD per capita |
Exports:
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$44.88 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.) |
Exports per capita:
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2,926 USD per capita |
Exports - commodities:
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oil and oil products 59%, ferrous metals 19%, chemicals 5%, machinery 3%, grain, wool, meat, coal (2001) |
Exports - partners:
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Germany 12.4%, Russia 11.6%, China 10.9%, Italy 10.5%, France 7.6%, Romania 4.9% (2006) |
Imports:
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$29.91 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.) |
Imports per capita:
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1,950 USD per capita |
Imports - commodities:
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machinery and equipment, metal products, foodstuffs |
Imports - partners:
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Russia 36.4%, China 19.3%, Germany 7.4% (2006) |
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
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$19.25 billion (31 December 2007 est.) |
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold - per capita:
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1,255 USD per capita |
Debt - external:
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$93.9 billion (30 September 2007) |
Debt - external - per capita:
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6,122 USD per capita |
Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
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$39.3 billion (September 2007) |
Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
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$3.97 billion (September 2007) |
Market value of publicly traded shares:
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$10.52 billion (2005) |
Economic aid - donor:
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void |
Economic aid - recipient:
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$229.2 million (2005) |
Economic aid - recipient per capita:
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15 USD per capita |
Currency (code):
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tenge (KZT) |
Exchange rates:
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tenge per US dollar - 122.55 (2007), 126.09 (2006), 132.88 (2005), 136.04 (2004), 149.58 (2003) |
Fiscal year:
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calendar year |
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