| Geography | Turkmenistan |
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Location:
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Central Asia, bordering the Caspian Sea, between Iran and Kazakhstan |
Geographic coordinates:
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40 00 N, 60 00 E |
Map references:
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Asia |
Area:
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total: 488,100 sq km
land: 488,100 sq km
water: NEGL |
Area - comparative:
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slightly larger than California |
Land boundaries:
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total: 3,736 km
border countries: Afghanistan 744 km, Iran 992 km, Kazakhstan 379 km, Uzbekistan 1,621 km |
Coastline:
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0 km; note - Turkmenistan borders the Caspian Sea (1,768 km) |
Maritime claims:
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none (landlocked) |
Climate:
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subtropical desert |
Terrain:
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flat-to-rolling sandy desert with dunes rising to mountains in the south; low mountains along border with Iran; borders Caspian Sea in west |
Elevation extremes:
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lowest point: Vpadina Akchanaya -81 m; note - Sarygamysh Koli is a lake in northern Turkmenistan with a water level that fluctuates above and below the elevation of Vpadina Akchanaya (the lake has dropped as low as -110 m)
highest point: Gora Ayribaba 3,139 m |
Natural resources:
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petroleum, natural gas, sulfur, salt |
Land use:
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arable land: 4.51%
permanent crops: 0.14%
other: 95.35% (2005) |
Irrigated land:
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18,000 sq km (2003) |
Total renewable water resources:
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60.9 cu km (1997) |
Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):
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Total: 24.65 cu km/yr (2%/1%/98%)
Per capita: 5,104 cu m/yr (2000) |
Natural hazards:
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NA |
Environment - current issues:
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contamination of soil and groundwater with agricultural chemicals, pesticides; salination, water logging of soil due to poor irrigation methods; Caspian Sea pollution; diversion of a large share of the flow of the Amu Darya into irrigation contributes to that river's inability to replenish the Aral Sea; desertification |
Environment - international agreements:
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party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements |
Geography - note:
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landlocked; the western and central low-lying desolate portions of the country make up the great Garagum (Kara-Kum) desert, which occupies over 80% of the country; eastern part is plateau |
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