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Turkmenistan
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PeopleTurkmenistan
Field = Fields World Record = World Records  = Dictionary Bar Graph = Bar graph Distribution Maps = Distribution map Field History = Fields History Definitions = Definitions

Economy - overview:
Field  Dictionary  Bar Graph  Distribution Map  Field History  Notes and Definitions

Turkmenistan is a largely desert country with intensive agriculture in irrigated oases and large gas and oil resources. One-half of its irrigated land is planted in cotton; formerly it was the world's 10th-largest producer. Poor harvests in recent years have led to an almost 50% decline in cotton exports. With an authoritarian ex-Communist regime in power and a tribally based social structure, Turkmenistan has taken a cautious approach to economic reform, hoping to use gas and cotton sales to sustain its inefficient economy. Privatization goals remain limited. From 1998-2005, Turkmenistan suffered from the continued lack of adequate export routes for natural gas and from obligations on extensive short-term external debt. At the same time, however, total exports rose by an average of roughly 15% per year from 2003-07, largely because of higher international oil and gas prices. Overall prospects in the near future are discouraging because of widespread internal poverty, a poor educational system, government misuse of oil and gas revenues, and Ashgabat's reluctance to adopt market-oriented reforms. In the past, Turkmenistan's economic statistics were state secrets. The new government has established a State Agency for Statistics, but GDP numbers and other figures are subject to wide margins of error. In particular, the rate of GDP growth is uncertain. Since his election, President BERDIMUHAMEDOW has sought to improve the health and education systems, ordered unification of the country's dual currency exchange rate, begun decreasing state subsidies for gasoline, signed an agreement to build a gas line to China, and created a special tourism zone on the Caspian Sea. All of these moves hint that the new post-NYYAZOW government will work to create a friendlier foreign investment environment.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
Field  World Record  Bar Graph  Distribution Map  Field History  Notes and Definitions

$47.37 billion (2007 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate):
Field  World Record  Bar Graph  Distribution Map  Field History  Notes and Definitions

$26.22 billion (2007 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
Field  World Record  Bar Graph  Distribution Map  Field History  Notes and Definitions

7% (IMF estimate)
note: official government statistics are widely regarded as unreliable (2007 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP):
Field  World Record  Bar Graph  Distribution Map  Field History  Notes and Definitions

$9,200 (2007 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:
Field  World Record  Bar Graph  Distribution Map  Field History  Notes and Definitions

agriculture: 16.7%
industry: 39.2%
services: 44.2% (2007 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
Field  World Record  Bar Graph  Distribution Map  Field History  Notes and Definitions

21.2% of GDP (2007 est.)

Population below poverty line:
Field  World Record  Bar Graph  Distribution Map  Field History  Notes and Definitions

30% (2004 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
Field  World Record  Bar Graph  Distribution Map  Field History  Notes and Definitions

lowest 10%: 2.6%
highest 10%: 31.7% (1998)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
Field  World Record  Bar Graph  Distribution Map  Field History  Notes and Definitions

40.8 (1998)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
Field  World Record  Bar Graph  Distribution Map  Field History  Notes and Definitions

11.3% (2007 est.)

Labor force:
Field  World Record  Bar Graph  Distribution Map  Field History  Notes and Definitions

2.089 million (2004 est.)

Labor force participation rate:
Field  World Record  Bar Graph  Distribution Map  Field History  Notes and Definitions

40.33 % of population

Labor force - by occupation:
Field  Dictionary  Bar Graph  Distribution Map  Field History  Notes and Definitions

agriculture: 48.2%
industry: 14%
services: 37.8% (2004 est.)

Unemployment rate:
Field  World Record  Bar Graph  Distribution Map  Field History  Notes and Definitions

60% (2004 est.)

Budget:
Field  World Record  Bar Graph  Distribution Map  Field History  Notes and Definitions

revenues: $1.641 billion
expenditures: $1.6 billion (2007 est.)

Budget revenues per capita:
Field  World Record  Bar Graph  Distribution Map  Field History  Notes and Definitions

317 USD per capita

Public debt:
Field  World Record  Bar Graph  Distribution Map  Field History  Notes and Definitions

void

Industries:
Field  Dictionary  Bar Graph  Distribution Map  Field History  Notes and Definitions

natural gas, oil, petroleum products, textiles, food processing

Industrial production growth rate:
Field  World Record  Bar Graph  Distribution Map  Field History  Notes and Definitions

7% (2007 est.)

Electricity - production:
Field  World Record  Bar Graph  Distribution Map  Field History  Notes and Definitions

12.05 billion kWh (2005 est.)

Electricity - production per capita:
Field  World Record  Bar Graph  Distribution Map  Field History  Notes and Definitions

2,327 kWh per capita

Electricity - consumption:
Field  World Record  Bar Graph  Distribution Map  Field History  Notes and Definitions

7.602 billion kWh (2005 est.)

Electricity - consumption - per capita:
Field  World Record  Bar Graph  Distribution Map  Field History  Notes and Definitions

1,468 kWh per capita

Electricity - exports:
Field  World Record  Bar Graph  Distribution Map  Field History  Notes and Definitions

2.918 billion kWh (2005 est.)

Electricity - imports:
Field  World Record  Bar Graph  Distribution Map  Field History  Notes and Definitions

0 kWh (2005)

Oil - production:
Field  World Record  Bar Graph  Distribution Map  Field History  Notes and Definitions

196,000 bbl/day (2007 est.)

Oil - production per capita:
Field  World Record  Bar Graph  Distribution Map  Field History  Notes and Definitions

37,841 bbl/day per capita

Oil - consumption:
Field  World Record  Bar Graph  Distribution Map  Field History  Notes and Definitions

156,000 bbl/day (2007 est.)

Oil - consumption - per capita:
Field  World Record  Bar Graph  Distribution Map  Field History  Notes and Definitions

10.99 bbl/year per capita

Oil - exports:
Field  World Record  Bar Graph  Distribution Map  Field History  Notes and Definitions

40,000 bbl/day (2007 est.)

Oil - imports:
Field  World Record  Bar Graph  Distribution Map  Field History  Notes and Definitions

0 bbl/day (2007 est.)

Oil - proved reserves:
Field  World Record  Bar Graph  Distribution Map  Field History  Notes and Definitions

500 million bbl (1 January 2007 est.)

Natural gas - production:
Field  World Record  Bar Graph  Distribution Map  Field History  Notes and Definitions

72.3 billion cu m (2007 est.)

Natural gas - production per capita:
Field  World Record  Bar Graph  Distribution Map  Field History  Notes and Definitions

13,959 cu m per capita

Natural gas - consumption:
Field  World Record  Bar Graph  Distribution Map  Field History  Notes and Definitions

14.4 billion cu m (2007 est.)

Natural gas - consumption - per capita:
Field  World Record  Bar Graph  Distribution Map  Field History  Notes and Definitions

2,781 cu m per capita

Natural gas - exports:
Field  World Record  Bar Graph  Distribution Map  Field History  Notes and Definitions

58 billion cu m (2007 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
Field  World Record  Bar Graph  Distribution Map  Field History  Notes and Definitions

0 cu m (2005)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
Field  World Record  Bar Graph  Distribution Map  Field History  Notes and Definitions

2.86 trillion cu m (1 January 2007 est.)

Agriculture - products:
Field  Dictionary  Bar Graph  Distribution Map  Field History  Notes and Definitions

cotton, grain; livestock

Current account balance:
Field  World Record  Bar Graph  Distribution Map  Field History  Notes and Definitions

$4.3 billion (2007 est.)

Current account balance - per capita:
Field  World Record  Bar Graph  Distribution Map  Field History  Notes and Definitions

831 USD per capita

Exports:
Field  World Record  Bar Graph  Distribution Map  Field History  Notes and Definitions

$8.5 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Exports per capita:
Field  World Record  Bar Graph  Distribution Map  Field History  Notes and Definitions

1,642 USD per capita

Exports - commodities:
Field  Dictionary  Bar Graph  Distribution Map  Field History  Notes and Definitions

gas, crude oil, petrochemicals, textiles, cotton fiber

Exports - partners:
Field  Dictionary  Bar Graph  Distribution Map  Field History  Notes and Definitions

Ukraine 47.7%, Iran 16.4%, Azerbaijan 5.3% (2006)

Imports:
Field  World Record  Bar Graph  Distribution Map  Field History  Notes and Definitions

$4.2 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Imports per capita:
Field  World Record  Bar Graph  Distribution Map  Field History  Notes and Definitions

811 USD per capita

Imports - commodities:
Field  Dictionary  Bar Graph  Distribution Map  Field History  Notes and Definitions

machinery and equipment, chemicals, foodstuffs

Imports - partners:
Field  Dictionary  Bar Graph  Distribution Map  Field History  Notes and Definitions

UAE 15.5%, Turkey 11.1%, Ukraine 9.1%, Russia 9%, Germany 7.8%, Iran 7.6%, China 6.4%, US 4.5% (2006)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
Field  World Record  Bar Graph  Distribution Map  Field History  Notes and Definitions

$3.644 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold - per capita:
Field  World Record  Bar Graph  Distribution Map  Field History  Notes and Definitions

704 USD per capita

Debt - external:
Field  World Record  Bar Graph  Distribution Map  Field History  Notes and Definitions

$1.4 billion to $5 billion (2004 est.)

Debt - external - per capita:
Field  World Record  Bar Graph  Distribution Map  Field History  Notes and Definitions

280 USD per capita

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
Field  World Record  Bar Graph  Distribution Map  Field History  Notes and Definitions

void

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
Field  World Record  Bar Graph  Distribution Map  Field History  Notes and Definitions

void

Market value of publicly traded shares:
Field  World Record  Bar Graph  Distribution Map  Field History  Notes and Definitions

$NA

Economic aid - donor:
Field  World Record  Bar Graph  Distribution Map  Field History  Notes and Definitions

void

Economic aid - recipient:
Field  World Record  Bar Graph  Distribution Map  Field History  Notes and Definitions

$28.25 million from the US (2005)

Economic aid - recipient per capita:
Field  World Record  Bar Graph  Distribution Map  Field History  Notes and Definitions

6 USD per capita

Currency (code):
Field  Dictionary  Bar Graph  Distribution Map  Field History  Notes and Definitions

Turkmen manat (TMM)

Exchange rates:
Field  Dictionary  Bar Graph  Distribution Map  Field History  Notes and Definitions

Turkmen manat per US$ - 6,250 (2007) official rate
note: the commercial rate was 19,800 Turkemen manat per US$ (2007)

Fiscal year:
Field  Dictionary  Bar Graph  Distribution Map  Field History  Notes and Definitions

calendar year
Field = Fields World Record = World Records  = Dictionary Bar Graph = Bar graph Distribution Maps = Distribution map Field History = Fields History Definitions = Definitions


This page was last updated on 5 May, 2008

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