| Country | Climate |
| South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | variable, with mostly westerly winds throughout the year interspersed with periods of calm; nearly all precipitation falls as snow |
| South Sudan | hot with seasonal rainfall influenced by the annual shift of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone; rainfall is heaviest in the upland areas of the south and diminishes to the north |
| Southern Ocean | sea temperatures vary from about 10 degrees Celsius to -2 degrees Celsius; cyclonic storms travel eastward around the continent and frequently are intense because of the temperature contrast between ice and open ocean; the ocean area from about latitude 40 south to the Antarctic Circle has the strongest average winds found anywhere on Earth; in winter the ocean freezes outward to 65 degrees south latitude in the Pacific sector and 55 degrees south latitude in the Atlantic sector, lowering surface temperatures well below 0 degrees Celsius; at some coastal points intense persistent drainage winds from the interior keep the shoreline ice-free throughout the winter |
| Spain | temperate; clear, hot summers in interior, more moderate and cloudy along coast; cloudy, cold winters in interior, partly cloudy and cool along coast |
| Spratly Islands | tropical |
| Sri Lanka | tropical monsoon; northeast monsoon (December to March); southwest monsoon (June to October) |
| Sudan | hot and dry; arid desert; rainy season varies by region (April to November) |
| Suriname | tropical; moderated by trade winds |
| Svalbard | arctic, tempered by warm North Atlantic Current; cool summers, cold winters; North Atlantic Current flows along west and north coasts of Spitsbergen, keeping water open and navigable most of the year |
| Swaziland | varies from tropical to near temperate |
| Sweden | temperate in south with cold, cloudy winters and cool, partly cloudy summers; subarctic in north |
| Switzerland | temperate, but varies with altitude; cold, cloudy, rainy/snowy winters; cool to warm, cloudy, humid summers with occasional showers |
| Syria | mostly desert; hot, dry, sunny summers (June to August) and mild, rainy winters (December to February) along coast; cold weather with snow or sleet periodically in Damascus |
| Taiwan | tropical; marine; rainy season during southwest monsoon (June to August); cloudiness is persistent and extensive all year |
| Tajikistan | midlatitude continental, hot summers, mild winters; semiarid to polar in Pamir Mountains |
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